However, in the second half of the twentieth century, John Bell’s theoretical calculations and subsequent high-precision laboratory experiments, for which the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded in 2022, refuted Einstein’s hypothesis. It was experimentally proven that no hidden variables exist. Particles truly have no definite state until they are measured. The very act of measuring the state of the first particle causes it to “choose” a specific value, and at the same instant, its entangled pair assumes a complementary state. Physical interaction occurs faster than the speed of light, but this does not violate the theory of relativity, since it is impossible to transmit useful information (a message) solely through this mechanism without a classical communication channel.
